天津郊区农田降雨径流重金属的污染特征及来源分析

降雨条件下形成的农田径流是土壤与水体间物质交换的一种重要形式,是农业非点源污染的重要组成部分.2007-2008年,在强降雨条件下,定点采集了天津市郊农田降雨径流样品64个,并对其重金属含量进行了分析测定.结果显示:研究区农田降雨径流中Cr、Ni、Cd、Zn等4项重金属含量服从对数正态分布,Cu、As、Pb为偏态分布....     

干旱区绿洲土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni复合污染对芹菜的影响及其富集迁移规律

通过盆栽试验和室内分析初步研究了干旱区绿洲土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni复合污染对芹菜生长的影响及重金属在芹菜体内的富集迁移规律。结果表明:随着外源重金属添加量的增加,芹菜的生长受到明显抑制。根据多元回归分析和偏相关分析,芹菜地上部和根部吸收Pb量分别与外源添加Pb、Zn、Ni量和Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni量达到极显著相关,其中土壤Zn含量的增加极显著的降低了芹菜地上部和根部对Pb的吸收。芹菜地上部及根部对Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni四种元素的富集系数大小顺序均为:Cd>Zn>Ni>Pb,且根部对四种重金属元素的富集能力显著大于地上部。Cd在芹菜中的平均迁移能力最强,Zn、Ni次之,Pb的迁移能力最弱。     

Changes in Cd,Cu, Ni,Pb and Zn Fractionation and Liberation Due to Mussel Shell Amendment on a Mine Soil

Mining activities are related to relevant environmental pollution issues that should be controlled. We used sequential extractions to fractionate Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn retained on unamended or mussel shell‐amended mine soil samples, all of them treated with a mixture of the five heavy metals (total metal concentration of 1·57 mmol L⁻¹), after 1, 7 and 30 days of incubation. In addition, we used the stirred flow chamber technique to study the release of each of the five heavy metals from these different unamended and shell‐amended soil samples. The results indicate that the shell amendment caused a decrease in the most soluble fraction, while increasing the most recalcitrant (least mobile) fraction. With equivalent implications, the stirred flow chamber experiments showed that mussel shell amendment was associated to a decrease in heavy metal release and increased retention. The highest mussel shell dose and incubation time caused the most relevant changes in pH values and thus in metal retention, also indicating the importance of pH modifications in the mechanism of retention acting in the amended samples. In view of these results, the use of mussel shell amendment can be encouraged to increase heavy metal retention in acid mine soils, in order to minimise risks of environmental pollution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江西省主要产煤区煤矸石堆特性研究

矿山废弃地植被生态重建的主要障碍是废弃地不良的土壤环境,而煤矸石堆该方面问题尤为突出。笔者以煤矸石堆置地为研究对象,分别选取江西10个主要产煤区煤矸石,测定其理化性质、重金属含量。研究结果为江西煤矿废弃地煤矸石堆置地土壤改良和植被恢复提供理论指导。     

城市绿化树木栽植与管理方式的几点反思——对2003年冬北京大雪造成"树灾"的调查

2003年11月6日北京大雪对城市绿化树木造成了罕见的伤害。本文在对树木受灾情况进行调查的基础上,综合分析了树木受灾的主要因素,探讨了目前树木栽植、管理方式等与树木受灾的关系,并提出了改进建议。     

沈抚灌区耕地重金属Cd、Pb的变化特征分析

选择沈抚灌区东部13个自然村庄的农业种植区，以1500 m间距网格化布点29处，调查研究区历史耕作情况，选取18个停灌时间不同的耕地样点，每个样点按0~20、20~40、40~60 cm采集3层土壤样品，分析测定重金属Cd、Pb的全量及化学形态，并测定了地上作物的茎叶、籽粒中重金属含量，探究研究区不同停灌时间及利用类型耕地土壤中Cd、Pb的分布特征及变化规律。结果表明：0~20、20~40、40~60 cm土壤中Cd含量分别为0.65~1.57、0.66~1.18、0.61~1.18 mg·kg^-1，停灌20~25年的土壤0~20 cm土层Cd含量最高，为1.57 mg·kg^-1；各土层Pb变化范围分别为21.07~38.59、14.97~30.59、15.71~25.66 mg·kg^-1，未随停灌时间发生明显变化；Cd在20~40、40~60 cm土层迁移率分别为0.42~0.50、0.46~0.52，而Pb仅为0~0.34、0~0.68；玉米茎叶、籽粒中Cd含量分别为0.33~0.47、0.02~0.07 mg·kg^-1，水稻茎叶、籽粒中Cd含量分别为0.33~0.89、0.02~0.09 mg·kg^-1，Pb含量分别为1.51~2.32、0.47~0.62mg·kg^-1，Cd、Pb在作物茎叶、籽粒中未随不同耕作方式及停灌时间表现出明显差异；水田土壤可交换态Cd含量占总量的37.33%，旱田可交换态Cd含量占总量的7.82%~13.95%；水田土壤可交换态Pb含量占总量的9.03%，旱田占总量的0.87%~4.18%。研究结果可为重金属污染耕地的利用管理及污染修复提供依据。     

重金属Cd、Pb复合污染对植物生理生化和细胞结构影响的研究进展

我国受重金属污染的土地面积广大,因采矿等造成的环境和土壤重金属污染问题日趋严重。因金属矿床形成特点及开采方式单一等原因,造成Cd、Pb居于重金属复合污染前列。通过总结单一Cd、Pb污染对植物生理生化特征的影响以及Cd、Pb复合污染对植物生理生化及细胞结构的影响等研究进展,明晰土壤重金属Cd、Pb复合污染对植物影响和损害的研究热点,进而探明植物重金属胁迫的生理响应机制。     

Effects of different loading rates and types of biochar on passivations of Cu and Zn via swine manure composting

Pollution of arable land caused by heavy metals in livestock and poultry manure has become a potential threaten to human health in China. Safe disposal of the contained toxic pollution with animal manure by co-composting with biochar is one of the alternative methods. Biochars from different sources (wheat straw, peanut shells and rice husks) amended with different loading rates were investigated for passivations of copper and zinc (Cu and Zn) in swine manure composting. Results showed that the passivation effects of the three types of biochar on Cu and Zn were enhanced with increasing biochar dose. Contents of Cu and Zn measured by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and Community Bureau of Reference (CBR) showed that wheat straw biochar with the loading rates of 10%-13% (w/w) was superior to the other two types of biochar in this study. Compared with the control, sample from wheat straw biochar was more favorable for the bacterial growth of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. In addition, pot experiment showed that organic fertilizer amended with wheat straw biochar could significantly improve the growth of Chinese pakchoi and enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and catalase) as compared with the control. Cu and Zn contents of Chinese pakchoi in the organic fertilizer group containing wheat straw biochar reduced by 73.2% and 45.2%, 65.8% and 33.6%, respectively, compared with the group without loading biochar. There was no significant difference in the contents of vitamin C and reducing sugar between the groups of organic fertilizer amended with/without wheat straw biochar, however, there was significant difference compared with the heavy metal addition group. The application of organic fertilizer formed by adding biochar can effectively reduce the adverse effects of heavy metals on crops.     

长江口口门海域水体重金属时间变化趋势及预测

通过对2004—2017年长江口口门区域水体中Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg和As 5种重金属含量的调查,分析了北支、南支北港和北港北沙3个区域水体重金属含量的变化趋势及影响因素,并对未来几年重金属的含量进行了预测研究。结果显示,Cu和Pb在2011—2017年间整体呈现下降趋势,下降幅度低于2004—2008年, Zn和As在2011—2017年间一直处于稳定的下降趋势,Hg的下降趋势较小,5种重金属均在2011年和2015年前后污染物排放量增加时出现不同幅度的增长,且径流量较大的区域增长幅度较大;分析其影响因素得出,由于早期水体中重金属含量较高,治理投入成效大于污染物排放的影响,故2004—2008年Cu、Zn、Pb和As含量与环境治理投入呈显著负相关,与排污量之间相关性不显著;而在重金属含量控制到较低水平后,治理难度增加,成效减弱,污染物排放量成为了控制重金属含量的主要影响因素,故2011—2017年的重金属含量与环境治理投入相关性不显著,与排污量呈显著正相关;由于长江口3个区域在盐度和径流量等因素上存在差异,采用了ARIMA模型对不同区域的重金属分别进行预测,预测得出2020—2022年长江口口门处3个区域水体中重金属含量较低,变化趋势较为平稳,该模型具有较高的精度,误差在5.19%～11.82%之间,分区域预测可以突出不同区域重金属含量及变化特征,预测结果更具针对性,能够为未来治理方案的拟定提供一定依据。     

土壤重金属污染及对生物体影响的研究进展

重金属污染是当今社会世界性的环境生态问题。由于人类社会城市化进程加剧、工业生产中"三废"的不合理排放以及现代农业中各种农药化肥的大量使用,导致土壤中重金属的含量剧增,污染问题严重,其中尤以重金属镉、汞、铅等在生物体内的富集与抗生性的研究日益受到关注。笔者综述了土壤重金属污染及对生物体影响的研究进展,以期为土壤重金属综合治理与污染修复提供科学依据。